Dart Research Database: the Definitive Bibliography of Scholarship on Journalism and Trauma

Produced by the Dart Research Lab at the University of Tulsa and the
Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma at Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.

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161. MacDonald, Jasmine and Rachael Fox, Anthony Saliba "Contextualizing Psychological Outcomes for TV News Journalists: Role Differences in Industry Culture, Organizational Hierarchy and Trauma Exposure" Research indicates that TV news journalists’ ongoing exposure to trauma can result in psychopathology. However, we currently know little about potential differences in trauma exposure between individuals in varying journalistic roles. The aim of this study is to contextualize the existing knowledge of psychological outcomes for TV news journalists and to complement current deductive trends in literature by asking: How do TV news journalists of differing roles and responsibilities experience unique factors that ultimately influence their trauma exposure? Individuals in journalistic roles that experience differences in their exposure to trauma compared to other roles, may be at risk of elevated psychopathology or in need of greater support to prevent distress. A social constructivist approach was adopted and in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 Australian TV news camera-operators and reporters. Analysis was conducted according to a systematic and transparent thematic analysis. The findings suggest that TV news camera operators and reporters experience differences in: (1) experiences of industry culture within organizational hierarchy, (2) role expectations of physical proximity to trauma, and (3) social visibility during trauma exposure. By considering role-based differences, this study recommends resources and support necessary for reporters and camera operators. The present findings inform news organizations providing support for their staff, and news consumers of the circumstances under which news workers perform roles. Journal of Constructivist Psychology 2020 . Quasi-experimental research General psychology journal Non-specific/general Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) Other Other Television NA NA NA Add
162. Kym Melzer "Vicarious trauma and emotion work in documentary filmmaking" In this paper, I contribute to the scholarship on documentary film and ethics by reflecting on the emotional experience of producing the film series, The Ripple Effect of PTSD (Melzer 2016). The series focuses on caregivers of veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and was produced as a doctoral creative project. I situate my reflections in the literature on documentary studies and ethics, noting that while participant risk has been afforded welcome and increasing attention, there has been little consideration of how a filmmaker may be negatively impacted by the experience of film production. In contrast, there is a growing scholarship on ‘emotion work’ in qualitative research, particularly research involving vulnerable populations. Drawing on this literature, I detail the emotional labour involved in accessing participants, undertaking interviews and engaging in impact distribution. I argue that ethical documentary filmmaking necessitates emotional labour on behalf of the filmmaker and, as such, we need to broaden the scholarly research agenda on documentary ethics to include consideration of a filmmaker’s emotional health and wellbeing. Studies in Documentary Film Vol. 13 2019 p. 38-52. Quasi-experimental research Other journal Non-specific/general Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Television NA NA NA Add
163. Stupart, Richard "Feeling responsible: Emotion and practical ethics in conflict journalism" This article examines the role of emotion in the practices of journalists reporting on conflict and its effects in South Sudan, based on a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and ethnographic observations of the working routines of journalists from Nairobi, Kampala and Juba. Contrary to perceptions of emotion as an akratic failure to reason in a rational, detached manner, obligations felt to people and situations can be understood as rational, information-bearing guides to action, directing journalists to consider personal ethical norms that may sit in tension with the norms of their professional roles as they understand them. The presence of such feelings in the case of journalists committed to a norm of emotional detachment in their work points to the moral incoherence of norms of detachment in (at least) journalism of this type Media, War & Conflict 2021 p. 1-14. Quasi-experimental research General communication journal War Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) Other NA NA NA Add
164. Barton, Alana and Hannah Storm "Violence and Harassment Against Women in the News Media: A Global Picture" 2013 International Women's Media Foundation . Quasi-experimental research Other Sexual violence Nonsexual crime Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) Posttraumatic stress symptoms (subthreshold) NA NA NA Add
165. Raymond B. Flannery Jr "News Journalists and Postruamatic Stress Disorder: a Review of Literature, 2011–2020" Research has demonstrated that first responders may develop psychological trauma/ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the performance of their duties. Often overlooked in these studies of police, firefighters, and paramedics is an additional group of providers who also respond to these same events: news journalists and photo journalists. Although limited in scope, the research literature from 1980 to 2010 assessed an association between PTSD and some news journalists. The strength of these findings are limited due to serious methodological limitations. The present paper reviewed the journalist/PTSD literature from 2011 to 2020. There were 4558 subjects in 23 studies, which were world-wide in scope. There were 2633 male reporters (58%) and 1925 female journalists (42%). The average age of subjects was 34.37 years and the average length of experience was 10.68 years. Many reported either PTSD, PTSD symptoms, depression, and/or substance use. A detailed methodological critique is presented. Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 93 2022 April 10, 2021 Springer Science+Business Media p. 151-159. Review (not including Meta-Analysis) General psychology journal War Mass disaster Mass violence Terrorism Non-specific/general Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Print Photojournalism NA NA NA Add
166. Koster, Suzanna M. and Hans M. Koot, Jamil A. Malik, & Marit Sijbranij "Associations among traumatic experiences, threat exposure, and mental health in Pakistani journalists" Pakistan is considered to be relatively unsafe for journalists; however, little is known about how working in situations that involve a high risk of trauma exposure and personal threat impacts journalists’ mental health. The present study aimed to examine the associations among reporting on topics that carry a high risk of trauma exposure; work-related personal threat exposure; and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of Pakistani journalists. Participants completed online assessments to report the extent of their exposure to trauma and threat in the last 6 months with regard to reporting on militancy, crime, bomb blasts, and natural disasters and exposure to electronic, verbal, and physical threats; stalking; kidnapping; and detention. Further, we assessed symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress using self-report instruments. Of the 296 participants, 34.1% showed clinically significant levels of PTSD, moderately elevated levels of depression, and severely elevated levels of anxiety. Linear regression analyses demonstrated an association between PTSD symptoms and a higher frequency of reporting on natural disasters, ? = 2.40, p = .004, whereas symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress were associated with a lower frequency of reporting on bomb and suicide blasts, ?s = -.93 – 1.61, p = <.001 – .047. Ideally, these findings will raise awareness about their situation, inform prevention and intervention efforts dedicated to journalists’ mental health, and promote future research to elucidate the causal factors implicated in mental health symptoms in this population. J. Trauma. Stress Vol. 35 2021 August 28, 2021 Wiley p. 581-592. Quasi-experimental research Trauma specific journal War Mass disaster Nonsexual crime suicide Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Print Television Radio broadcast Internet news Photojournalism NA NA NA Add
167. MacDonald, Jasmine B. and Klas Backholm, Anthony J. Saliba, & Gene Hodgins "Predictors of Trauma Reactions in TV News Camera Operators" Previous research with general journalist samples has shown that journalists, in comparison to the general population, are at increased risk for trauma exposure and related psychological distress. Studies have seldom investigated more specific subgroups within the occupation. This study investigated current levels of work-related and personal exposure to potentially traumatic events and trauma reaction symptoms (posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and stress) in TV news camera operators (N = 117). It also investigated whether trauma exposure and neuroticism were related to increased levels of trauma reaction symptoms. An international sample of camera operators participated in an online survey. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate study topics. Camera operators reported high rates of work-related and personal trauma exposure. The sample experienced greater levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms than expected in the general population, whereas fewer differences were found regarding depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. More personal trauma exposure and neuroticism significantly predicted distress symptoms of all 4 kinds, whereas work-related exposure did not. Study limitations include the limited sample size and issues related to using surveys for measuring exposure to potentially traumatic events. The findings confirm what we know about the relationship between repeated exposure to aversive events and psychological distress. It contributes to the field by expanding this knowledge to include TV news camera operators, a unique role group within the journalism industry. It is also among the first to verify the positive association between neuroticism and trauma reactions in a journalist sample. Traumatology 2021 September 2, 2021 American Psychological Association . Quasi-experimental research Trauma specific journal War Mass disaster Mass violence Accidents Sexual violence Illness/injuries (not accident related) torture/human rights Other Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Television NA NA NA Add
168. Pearson, Mark and Cait McMahon, Analise O'Donovan, & Dustin O'Shannessy "Building journalists’ resilience through mindfulness strategies" Mindfulness-based meditation has earned its place in a variety of settings after studies reporting the benefits of mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of a range of psychological and health disorders and for building resilience and well-being in a variety of occupational groups. In the field of journalism, the realities of journalists’ exposure to trauma while reporting have been well documented. This article is the first to link those areas of research – suggesting that mindfulness-based meditation offers promise to help journalists build resilience to post-traumatic stress. It also presents a conceptual map to theorise the broader potential benefits of journalists using mindfulness-based meditation, including help with industry-related stresses such as job insecurity, coping with emotions and battling potential ‘moral injury’ in reporting. It explains that pedagogical approaches for equipping journalists with mechanisms for working with their emotions, thoughts and professional values have been lacking. Some media organizations and universities have experimented with meditation practice for a range of reported reasons, but evidence-based research into the efficacy of such programmes for journalists is overdue. This article bridges the knowledge gap that brings together mindfulness-based meditation practice, journalists’ resilience and wellbeing, and the potential for enhanced work practice. Journalism Vol. 22 2021 Sage p. 1647-1664. Theoretical (no quasi/experimental data included) Journalism specific journal Other NA Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Tips for coping with trauma NA Add
169. Williams, Sian and Cartwright, Tina "Post-traumatic stress, personal risk and post-traumatic growth among UK journalists" Background: Journalists covering traumatic news events can develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, they may also experience perceived posttraumatic growth (PTG). The outcome may be affected by whether work-related traumatic stress has a degree of personal risk. Objective: To investigate the relationship between PTSD symptoms and PTG among journalists who experienced work-related trauma and to examine whether positive associations would exist between exposure to personal risk and PTG. Method: A web-based survey measuring post-traumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth was completed by print and broadcast journalists (N = 69) working for UKbased media organizations. An open-ended question asked participants how media organizations can help to promote growth after work-related trauma. Results: The findings show a significant relationship between PTSD symptoms and PTG (p = 0.04). Journalists working in war-zones had significantly more PTSD symptoms (p < .001) and PTG scores (p < .001) than those who did not. Journalists who described their worst, work-related trauma as having a degree of personal, life-threatening risk, also reported higher levels of PTG than those who did not (p < .001). This was consistent across all PTG subscales. Conclusions: This study, the first to examine PTSD symptoms, personal risk and posttraumatic growth within journalists, suggests those working in conflict areas experience significantly higher levels of post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth, than those who do not. Those who experience personal risk also had high PTG levels. Media companies can help develop PTG by recognizing when personal risk plays a role in covering demanding assignments. Participants suggested organizations also needed to allow sufficient time for reflection and meaning-making for all those working in hostile environments. European Journal of Psychotraumatology Vol. 12 2021 January 16, 2021 Taylor & Francis Group . Quasi-experimental research Trauma specific journal Other Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Tips for coping with trauma NA NA Add
170. Ali Shah, Sayyed Fawad and Faizullah Jan, Tamar Ginossar, J. Patrick McGrail, Danish Baber, Rahman Ullah "Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among regional journalists in Pakistan" This study sought to examine work-related exposure to trauma and predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms among regional journalists in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, a conflict-ridden area in northwest Pakistan. We recruited 216 KP journalists. Analysis of the surveys revealed a high prevalence of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. All of the participants had covered at least one trauma inducing event. Exposure to work-related trauma, active emotional coping and avoidant emotional coping were statistically significant factors associated with PTSD symptoms. This study is the first to highlight the severity of the impact of trauma on regional journalists in Pakistan. Journalism Vol. 23 2022 Sage p. 391-408. Quasi-experimental research Journalism specific journal War Mass disaster Mass violence Accidents Illness/injuries (not accident related) torture/human rights Other Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Print Television NA NA NA Add
171. Charles, Mathew "Local journalism, peace-building and continuous traumatic stress (CTS) on the violent margins of Colombia" The study of trauma in journalism tends to assume that trauma exposure (whether it has been a single event or a series of cumulative episodes) is past and finite. However, this article argues that the notion of trauma exposure as temporally located in the past fails to adequately capture the experiences of local, indigenous journalists living and working in contexts of protracted conflict or violence. There is a growing, if contested, acknowledgement that existing conceptualizations of traumatic stress, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), have limited utility in conditions of ongoing violence and danger. In contrast, and based on a participant observation study conducted over three years, this article proposes a spectrum of continuous traumatic stressors and charts the continuous traumatic stress (CTS) of four local reporters in Colombia, living and working in a context of intractable conflict. In this setting, where local journalists have become agents for peace, CTS conjoins the mental wellbeing of individual reporters with their capacity for peace-building. Media, War, & Conflict Vol. 15 2022 Sage p. 202-220. Content Analysis Public relations journal Other Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) Other NA NA NA Add
172. Hill, Desiree "PTSD in the Newsroom: A Grounded Theory View of Organizational Leaders and Trauma" A number of studies have demonstrated that journalists will experience traumatic events during the course of their careers. Yet a gap in the research exists regarding newsroom organizational leaders and the impact of trauma on their work and emotional health. This study used a grounded theory approach to learn how newsroom leaders experience trauma and how they learn from events such as disasters and terror attacks to translate that knowledge into the work of management. The study also analyzes peer-reviewed research on journalism, trauma, and PTSD to understand how the newsroom organizational leaders in the study can contribute and amplify the recommended trauma responses for newsroom leaders. The data reveal that news organizational leaders can experience symptoms of PTSD and other negative emotional impacts and that news organizational leaders experience an emotional double bind, where staff is encouraged to openly show emotion and be supported, but the organizational leaders believe they will be perceived as weak if they show emotion. Findings from the study are valuable, because they lead to practical guidelines regarding counseling, supervisor support, and training and extend our understanding of how trauma can impact the entire newsroom ecosystem. International Journal on Media Management Vol. 23 2021 Routledge Taylor & Francis Group p. 238-263. Quasi-experimental research General communication journal Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Print Television NA NA NA Add
173. Osmann, Jonas and Jeffrey Dvorkin, Yoel Inbar, Elizabeth Page-Gould, Anthony Feinstein "The emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events: A mapping review" This article presents a mapping review of the available literature on the emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events. The review consists of three parts: (a) a summary of the results of trauma-related literature; (b) identification of the limitations of studies to date; and (c) suggestions for future research. The overview of the reviewed studies is provided as a table. Media, War, & Conflict Vol. 14 2021 Sage p. 476-502. Review (not including Meta-Analysis) General communication journal War Mass disaster Mass violence Terrorism NA Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD NA NA NA Add
174. Bustamante-Granda, Byron Fernando and Claudia Rodríguez-Hidalgo, María Aranzazu Cisneros-Vidal, Diana Rivera-Rogel, and Claudia Torres-Montesinos "Ecuadorian Journalists Mental Health Influence on Changing Job Desire: A Cross Sectional Study" Journalist’s mental health could predict their job change. This study aims at determining the prevalence of mental health issues and their association with perception of aptitude for covering emergencies and difficulty in seeing a corpse, and also to determine the mental health factors associated with job change. An ad hoc survey, GHQ-28 (Somatization, Anxiety-Insomnia, Social Dysfunction, Depression), MBI-P (Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, personal accomplishment) and Brief scale to diagnose Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide Risk were applied to 196 journalists (female = 51.6%). Descriptive analysis, correlations (Pearson and Spearman), T-test and binary logistic regression were performed. It was found that one third part of journalists perceive themselves as having low aptitude to cover emergencies and difficulty in seeing a corpse, 17.3% would consider changing jobs and 42.1% could only access free mental health services. The most frequent mental health problems are: low personal accomplishment, emotional exhaustion and post-traumatic stress disorder (11.2 to 17.3%). People who want to change jobs present more: social dysfunction, depression, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, low personal accomplishment, post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide risk. The two mental health factors associated with desire of changing jobs are high emotional exhaustion, and low personal accomplishment. These results guide the psychosocial risk prevention processes for journalists, as well as the training needs that universities could consider to protect the mental health of this vulnerable group. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18 2021 MDPI . Quasi-experimental research Other journal Other Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD NA NA NA Add
175. Iqbal, Iqra "Violence Against Media Personas: A Comparative Study of Women Journalists in Pakistan and England " Journal of International Women's Studies Vol. 24 2022 . Quasi-experimental research Other journal Sexual violence Other Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) NA NA NA NA Add
176. Osmann, Jonas and Meera Selva and Anthony Feinstein "How have journalists been affected psychologically by their coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic? A descriptive study of two international news organisations" The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented healthcare challenges. Journalists covering the pandemic at close quarters are working in ways akin to first responders, but nothing to date is known of the psychological distress this is potentially causing them. This study aims to determine whether journalists reporting on the COVID-19 crisis have been affected emotionally, and if so to assess the severity of their distress. It also investigates potential demographic and work-related predictors and whether news organisations had provided counselling to their journalists. Participants: A total of 111 journalists working for two international news organisations were approached of which 73 (66%) participated in the study. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Symptoms of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD7)), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)), overall psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)), and treatment. Results: The percentages of journalists exceeding threshold scores for clinically significant anxiety, depression, PTSD and psychological distress were: GAD7, 26%; PHQ-9, 20.5%; PCL-5, 9.6%; GHQ-12, 82.2%. Journalists assigned to cover the pandemic (n=54 (74%)) were significantly more anxious (p<0.05). Journalists who received counselling (n=38 (52%)) following the onset of the pandemic reported significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety (p<0.01), depression (p<0.01) and overall psychological distress (p<0.01). Conclusions: Journalists covering the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing levels of anxiety and depression similar to those seen in first responders. Psychological therapy provided in a timely manner can significantly alleviate emotional distress. BMJ Open 2021 . Quasi-experimental research Other journal Other NA Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Anxiety NA NA NA Add
177. Tyson, Gabriella and Wild, Jennifer "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Journalists Repeatedly Covering COVID-19 News" The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in many journalists repeatedly covering stories related to human suffering. This study investigates whether these journalists experienced higher rates of psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms than those who have been working during the pandemic yet covering stories other than COVID-19 and aims to identify what factors may protect journalists from developing trauma-related symptoms. We assessed journalists (n = 120) working during the COVID-19 pandemic using self-report measures. Journalists repeatedly covering COVID-19 stories had significantly higher psychological distress (? 2 = 0.04) and PTSD symptoms (? 2 = 0.08), but not depression, compared to journalists who did not report on COVID-19. Rumination and numbing in response to unwanted memories predicted PTSD symptoms (R2 = 0.53) and may be risk factors for PTSD in this population. Unhelpful resilience appraisals distinguished journalists who reported on COVID-19 and who developed distressing re-experiencing symptoms from those who similarly reported on distressing material and who did not develop symptoms. Targeting resilience appraisals may be helpful in reducing re-experiencing symptoms after trauma exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 18 2021 . Quasi-experimental research Other journal Other Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD NA NA NA Add
178. Malik, Sara Fatima and Jamil A. Malik, and Rubina Hanif "Gender as a risk factor in relationship between trauma exposure and mental health symptoms among journalists" Mental health symptoms are more likely to develop among professionals providing services to traumatized populations. Persistent exposure of tragedies and life threatening events would presumably have a negative impact on psychological health. The present study investigates the role of gender as a risk factor among professionals that may influence the ontogeny of stress symptoms. It is hypothesized that females working in journalism are at higher risk to develop depression, anxiety, and PTSS. The Sample included media professionals from Lahore and the capital territory of Islamabad, age ranging from 20 to 61 years. The mean age of media professionals was 34.21 (SD=8.21) years. Data was collected from both male (n=440) and females (n=185) participants from different media houses and press clubs. Along with a detailed demographic sheet, data was collected on the Journalist Traumatic Exposure Scale and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale. T-values showed significant gender differences on depression (t=-2.54, p<.01) and females scored higher than male counterparts on depression. Moderation result illustrated that gender positively moderated the effect of trauma exposure on stress, anxiety, depression of journalists (B interaction=0.12, 0.11, 0.16 respectively; p<0.01) explaining 21% variance (R2=0.21). Though an increase in trauma exposure increases stress, anxiety, and depression of both male and female journalists; however, females are at a higher risk to develop mental health symptoms due to exposure to traumatic events. Coping strategies (e.g., offering trainings, professional development on trauma reporting, etc.) are recommended to promote the well-being of journalists. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 23 2022 . Quasi-experimental research General psychology journal Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD NA NA NA Add
179. Papadopoulou, Lambrini and Theodora A. Maniou and Eleana Pandia "Economic crisis and trauma journalism: Assessing the emotional toll of reporting in crisis-ridden countries" This article discusses the relationship between the post-2008 global economic crisis and trauma journalism through a quantitative study of reporters covering austerity’s everyday manifestations and examines the effects on the media professionals involved. The findings indicate that journalists who cover economic crisis-related incidents suffer specific symptoms of trauma. As such, the study re-conceptualizes the economic crisis as primarily affective for media workers, it establishes a direct correlation between the economic crisis and emotional trauma, and provides an insight into the kind of trauma that stems from covering austerity and its impact on society. A regression analysis of symptoms indicates trauma journalism as an emerging field of research into the economic crisis. Communications 2022 De Gruyter . Quasi-experimental research General communication journal Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) PTSD Print Photojournalism NA NA NA Add
180. Urbániková, Marína and Lenka Haniková "Coping with the Murder: The Impact of Ján Kuciak’s Assassination on Slovak Investigative Journalists" In this contribution, using a case-study approach, we focus on the assassination of Ján Kuciak and his fiancée and explore the impact and consequences that it had on the community of investigative journalists in Slovakia. By conducting a series of semi-structured interviews with top investigative journalists (N = 12), we seek to answer two questions: How have they coped with the murder of their colleague? And, how has this incident changed their everyday journalistic practices and routines when it comes to achieving and maintaining safety? We identified 12 coping actions which, based on their function, were organised into five higher order families of coping: emotional purging; sharing and support seeking; avoidance and displacement; defiance and defence; and spreading the legacy and giving meaning to the tragedy. Regarding safety and security practices, the journalists claim that their approach has fundamentally changed. A variety of measures to stay safe, both online and offline, were adopted both on the organisational and on the individual level. However, many of these measures are not used consistently, mostly because they are not deemed necessary when covering non-sensitive topics, but also because of their impracticality in everyday journalistic work, and sceptical and fatalistic approach of the journalists to safety. Journalism Practice 2021 Routledge Taylor & Francis Group . Content Analysis Quasi-experimental research Journalism specific journal Nonsexual crime Adult Occupational health of journalists (negative consequences of reporting trauma) NA Print Internet news Photojournalism Tips for coping with trauma NA NA Add